Немно́го о языке́ 3.4 То́ни в университе́те

Academic Vocabulary: University vs. School

Consider the two exclamations below:

Кака́я хоро́шая шко́ла!
What a good school!

Although they seem like direct translations of one another, they do not actually convey exactly the same information. How much do you think their meanings overlap? For each language, mouse over any context you think the phrase can apply to. As you check your answers, think about how the phrases differ.

If you are a university student in the US, you are used to using the English word “school” to talk about your college. The Russian statement, however, can refer only to pre-college education.

Now compare the two sentences below, and once again put mouse over any context you think appropriate to the statement

In short, the Russian version can only be used for university-level students. In English we can use the word student for anyone who is being educated, even a child.

Russians also use different sets of vocabulary words for talking about шко́ла (primary-secondary education) and post-secondary education. Learning these words' usage will help you make more sense of Russian culture, and selecting the right word for your educational context will help Russians understand you better.

English	Primary and Secondary Levels	Post-secondary Level
school/institution	шко́ла	институ́т университе́т
learner	шко́льник / шко́льница учени́к / учени́ца	студе́нт / студе́нтка
teacher	учи́тель / учи́тельница	преподава́тель
grade level, year	класс	курс
a class session	уро́к	заня́тие ле́кция семина́р
classes (in general)	уро́ки	заня́тия
classroom	класс	аудито́рия
home assignment(s)	уро́ки (pl) дома́шнее зада́ние	дома́шнее зада́ние

Where both male and female forms for people exist, the Russian words are separated by a slash.

To talk about a specific university class session, you can use the singular of the neuter noun заня́тие. When talking about classes in general, use the plural form заня́тия of this neuter word; remember that this is a neuter noun, and заня́тия is a neuter plural form, not a feminine singular noun.

If you attend a university in the US, you are used to calling your teachers ”professor.” This is not appropriate for Russia; the word профе́ссор is a title given only to the most distinguished scholars at Russian post-secondary institutions, and it is not generally used as a form of address. To get their instructor’s attention, students (both шко́льники and студе́нты), use an instructor’s и́мя-о́тчество.

Упражне́ние 1. Шко́ла и́ли университе́т?

You overhear various Russians' conversations about school and college. For each sentence choose the context of the conversation: primary / secondary school, or university-level study.

Упражне́ние 2

You heard the beginning of a statement and missed the end of it. But you still understand enough so that you can complete each sentence, especially if you use cues in the sentence's grammar. And you can tell the context of the statement—at school or university—using vocabulary cues. Listen to the phrase, then choose the appropriate word to complete the sentence, and check the box indicating whether it relates to school or university.

	А	Б	At school or university?
1.	класс?	аудито́рия?	At school	At university
2.	заня́тия?	класс?	At school	At university
3.	преподава́тели.	учи́тель.	At school	At university
4.	студе́нт.	шко́льники.	At school	At university
5.	профе́ссор?	студе́нты?	At school	At university
6.	ле́кция!	класс!	At school	At university

Упражне́ние 3. Как пра́вильно?

Choose a logical response for each sentence.

Упражне́ние 4. Мо́жно так сказа́ть?

Check any of the contexts that work for the Russian statement.

Focus on -ия and -ие nouns

You have now encountered a large number of feminine nouns whose nominative singular form (слова́рная фо́рма) ends in -ия (ле́кция). You have also seen a number of  neuter nouns whose nominative singular ends in -ие (заня́тие). It can be hard to tell them apart when you first start learning Russian; this section will help develop your ability to distinguish them.

Before you read more about these words, test your ability to recognize their singular and plural forms. For each adjective-noun phrase below, choose the correct English noun form from the pull-down menu.

интере́сная ле́кция	lectures	essay	lecture	essays
интере́сные сочине́ния	lectures	essay	lecture	essays
интере́сные ле́кции	essay	essays	lecture	lectures
интере́сное сочине́ние	lecture	essay	lectures	essays

The nominative plural of feminine nouns in -ия is the expected soft version -ии (ле́кции); the nominative plural of neuter nouns in -ие is -ия (заня́тия, сочине́ния). That is also the expected soft version; remember that the “default” plural ending for neuter nouns is -а (окно́ / о́кна). When you see the ending -ия, you need to be careful to distinguish whether it indicates the nominative singular of a feminine noun or the plural of a neuter noun.

In the diagnostic test above, you may have used the adjective endings to help you figure out which forms were which, and that is a useful strategy when you are not sure you know the word well. For words you have learned, it is important as always to know the dictionary form of the word correctly, right down to the spelling of its ending. Once you know well that the слова́рная фо́рма of essay is сочине́ние, you will be less likely to confuse the plural form сочине́ния with a feminine noun.

The names of many academic subjects in Russian are feminine nouns with nominative cases ending in -ия.  Generally they do not have a plural form. Read through the feminine and neuter nouns in the tables, noting how their singular and plural forms are spelled.

Feminine

Nominative singular (слова́рная фо́рма)	Nominative plural	English
фотогра́фия	фотогра́фии	photograph(s)
аудито́рия	аудито́рии	classroom(s)
биогра́фия	биогра́фии	biography(-ies)
фами́лия	фами́лии	last name(s)
биоло́гия	--	biology
филоло́гия	--	philology
хи́мия	--	chemistry
исто́рия	--	history

Neuter

Nominative singular (слова́рная фо́рма)	Nominative plural	English
упражне́ние	упражне́ния	exercise(s)
сочине́ние	сочине́ния	composition(s)
зада́ние	зада́ния	task(s), assignment(s)
заня́тие	заня́тия	class(es)

Упражне́ние 5. Она́, оно́ и́ли они́?

Read each sentence, then choose the “it” / “they” pronoun that would correctly replace the underlined word.  In this activity notice the adjective endings, which should help you choose correctly.

Образе́ц: Э́то о́чень хоро́шая ле́кция. → она́ (“it”)